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- @091 CHAP 2
-
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- │ PARTNERSHIPS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES │
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-
- A business partnership is much like a sole proprietorship
- in many respects, except that it has two or more owners.
- Creating a partnership can be a very simple matter, since
- the law does not require any formal written documents or
- other formalities for most partnerships. However, as a
- practical matter, it is much sounder business practice for
- partners in a business to have a written partnership agree-
- ment that, at a minimum, spells out their agreement on such
- basic issues as:
-
- . How much and what kind of property will each
- partner contribute to the partnership?
-
- . What value will be placed on the contributed
- property?
-
- . How will profits and losses be divided among the
- partners?
-
- . How will gain or loss be allocated for tax purposes
- on property contributed to the partnership by one or
- more of the partners, where such property has a
- tax basis significantly greater or less than its
- agreed value?
-
- . When and how will profits be withdrawn from the
- partnership?
-
- . How will certain partners be compensated for their
- services to the partnership (if at all)?
-
- . How will partners be compensated for making capital
- available to the partnership?
-
- . How will changes in ownership of interests in the
- partnership be handled?
-
- . When will the partnership terminate its existence?
-
-
- A written partnership agreement should be prepared by an
- attorney and, if possible, should be reviewed by a tax ac-
- countant before it is put into effect.
-
- Keep in mind, when considering a partnership arrangement,
- that partnerships are a bit like marriages--they usually
- start out with a great deal of trust and have a very high
- break-up rate. Like marriages, it has been said, partner-
- ships are easy to get into, require a lot of patience and
- understanding to live within, and are often costly and
- painful to get out of.
-
- Each partner is an agent for the partnership and can do
- anything necessary to operate the business, such as hire
- employees, borrow money, or enter into contracts on behalf
- of the partnership. Each partner, except for a LIMITED
- PARTNER in a LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, has personal liability
- for the debts, taxes, and other claims against the part-
- nership. If the partnership's assets are not sufficient
- to pay creditors, the creditors can satisfy their claims
- out of the individual partners' personal assets. In addi-
- tion, when a partner fails to pay personal debts, the
- partnership's business may be disrupted if his creditors
- seek to satisfy their claims out of his interest in the
- partnership, by seeking what is called a "charging order"
- (in some states) against the partnership assets.
-
- While a partnership must file federal and usually state in-
- formation returns (Form 1065 is the federal return), it
- generally pays no income tax. Instead, it reports each
- partner's share of income or loss, tax credits, etc. on the
- information return, and each partner reports the income or
- loss on Schedule E of his or her individual tax return.
- @CODE: CA
- The California partnership tax return form is Form 565,
- and is very similar to the federal 1065.
- @CODE:OF
- @CODE: MI
- Note that the Michigan Single Business Tax DOES apply to
- the partnership as an entity, however. In addition, the
- taxable income of the partnership must also be reported by
- the partners on their Michigan individual income tax re-
- turns.
- @CODE:OF
- @CODE: DC
- Note that business income of a partnership or sole proprie-
- torship is NOT generally reported on the individual partner
- or proprietor's D.C. income tax return, but is instead
- separately taxable under the D.C. Unincorporated Business
- Franchise Tax (Form D-30) at a tax rate of 10.5% for the
- period from October 1, 1994 through December 31, 1994, and
- at 9.975% thereafter.
- @CODE:OF
- @CODE: NH
- However, there is also an 8% Business Profits Tax, similar
- to an income tax, on all business entities, incorporated
- or otherwise, with over $12,000 of gross income. The tax
- rate dropped to 7.5% for fiscal year 1994, and to 7% for
- fiscal year 1995.
-
- Recent legislation also created a new "Business Enterprise
- Tax" at the rate of 0.25% of the taxable "enterprise value
- tax base" (which is essentially the sum of all compensation,
- interest and dividends paid or accrued by a business enter-
- prise), effective July 1, 1993. Annual returns are required
- for every business enterprise that has gross business re-
- ceipts over $100,000 during a taxable period and whose "en-
- terprise value tax base" is greater than $50,000. This new
- "Business Enterprise Tax" is allowed dollar-for-dollar as a
- tax credit against the Business Profits Tax. (However, it
- will still catch many small businesses and professionals who
- are not subject to the Business Profits Tax.)
- @CODE:OF
-
- In addition, since 1985, partnerships have been required to
- file a report with the IRS (Form 8308) regarding so-called
- "hot assets" each time a sale or exchange of an interest in
- the partnership occurs.
-
- Like a sole proprietor, a partner is not generally consid-
- ered an employee of the partnership for income tax and pay-
- roll tax purposes. The income tax advantages and disadvan-
- tages of a sole proprietorship also are equally applicable
- to a partnership, since a partner's share of income from a
- partnership is treated essentially the same as income from
- a sole proprietorship. For example, a partner's income
- from a partnership may be subject to self-employment tax,
- but not federal or state payroll taxes.
-
- Unless a partnership agreement provides otherwise, a part-
- nership usually terminates when any partner dies or with-
- draws from the partnership. This is in contrast to a
- corporation, which theoretically has perpetual existence.
- Bankruptcy of a partner or the partnership itself will
- cause the dissolution of the partnership regardless of any
- agreement, under the laws of most states. Note that for
- federal income tax purposes that a partnership is deemed to
- terminate for tax purposes if there is a 50% (or more)
- change in ownership interest in the partnership in any 12-
- month period. This can have important tax ramifications
- (mostly negative ones) and is therefore a potential tax
- trap for the unwary or the unsophisticated.
-
- @IF116xx]In light of the fact that your business is conducted in the
- @IF116xx]form of a partnership, you need to be sure to check with a
- @IF116xx]competent tax adviser before any changes ownership occur in
- @IF116xx]your partnership, @NAME.
-
-